This article presents a comparative performance and lifecycle-cost analysis of three low-GWP refrigerants — R32, R454B, and R-1234yf — applied to Indian Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems. A 100-ton VRF reference system is analyzed for capacity, IEER (Integrated Energy Effic…
A 1995-built corporate headquarters in central Delhi ran ductable splits on every floor for three decades. By 2024 the indoor units were unobtainable for spare parts, refrigerant R-22 had crossed BEE
VRF refrigerant piping is one of the few MEP disciplines where the OEM (Daikin, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Heavy, Hitachi, LG, Toshiba) effectively dictates the design. Brand-specific tables driv
A heat-recovery VRV system can simultaneously cool one zone while heating another, with the heat from the cooling zone “recovered” and used for the heating. Sounds great in theory; in practice it pays
A VRF system is only as flexible as its refrigerant piping. Each major manufacturer specifies different maximum total piping length, maximum vertical separation, maximum branch length, and maximum hei
Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) have crossed from niche to mainstream in Indian hospitality between 2023-26. Three drivers: 60-70 % opex reduction vs electric, BEE Star Labelling integration, IGBC + GR
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) have been textbook standard since the early 2000s but only crossed into mainstream Indian commercial design in 2022-25. This shift is operator-driven — Marriott, I
The 2025-26 VRF product cycle is the largest simultaneous OEM refresh in the Indian market in ~5 years. Four flagship product lines launched within 12 months. This insight compares Daikin VRV X, Mitsu
Building Management Systems with AI/ML-driven optimization have crossed from US/EU pilots to Indian commercial deployments in 2024-26. Four major BMS vendors now offer AI products with Indian deployme
By Q1 2026 the Indian VRF + DX market has crossed 50 % R-32 share by unit volume — up from ~15 % in 2022. R-32 is now the operational default for new builds. But India’s commitment under the Kigali Am
